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The letters s, t, n, l are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds. (The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for speech pathology and is frequently used to mean "alveolarized", as in the labioalveolar sounds [p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇] , where the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge.)
Postalveolar (post-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge. Articulation is farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants , which are at the ridge itself, but not as far back as the hard palate , the place of articulation for palatal consonants .
Likewise, the alveolar and post-alveolar regions merge into each other, as do the hard and soft palate, the soft palate and the uvula, and all adjacent regions. Terms like pre-velar (intermediate between palatal and velar), post-velar (between velar and uvular), and upper vs. lower pharyngeal may be used to specify more precisely where an ...
Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap: Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact. Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the alveolar ridge.
A velar trill or tap is not possible according to the International Phonetics Association: see the shaded boxes on the table of pulmonic consonants. In the velar position, the tongue has an extremely restricted ability to carry out the type of motion associated with trills or taps, and the body of the tongue has no freedom to move quickly ...
Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟] Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬] Bilabial percussive [ʬ] Bidental percussive [ʭ] Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]
As a rule, a click is replaced by a consonant with close to the manner of articulation of the click and the place of articulation of the forward release: alveolar click releases (the [ǃ] family) tend to mutate into a velar stop or affricate, such as [k], [ɡ], [ŋ], [k͡x]; palatal clicks (the [ǂ] family) tend to mutate into a palatal stop ...
Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives; Voiced dental and alveolar plosives; Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps; Voiced dental fricative; Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate; Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants; Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals; Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills