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  2. Four tones (Middle Chinese) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)

    The four tones of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes [1] of Chinese words. They play an important role in Chinese poetry and in comparative studies of tonal development in the modern varieties of Chinese , both in traditional Chinese and ...

  3. Standard Chinese phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology

    Yuen Ren Chao considered the changed tone 2 to be identical to tone 1, and Cao Wen treated it as tone 1 (before tones 1 or 4) or tone 4 (before tones 2 or 3). [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Both views are generalizations; the exact pitch contour of the changed tone 2 varies between mid-level ˧ in isolated words or at a slower speaking rate, and slightly ...

  4. Tone (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)

    For example, the yin ping tone is a high level tone in Beijing Mandarin Chinese but a low level tone in Tianjin Mandarin Chinese. More iconic systems use tone numbers or an equivalent set of graphic pictograms known as "Chao tone letters". These divide the pitch into five levels, with the lowest being assigned the value 1 and the highest the ...

  5. Chinese character sounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character_sounds

    Application of phonetic attributes in Chinese character input, for example, Chinese character keyboard input is supported on MS Windows by sound expressions in Pinyin or symbolic symbols. In addition, the sounds of Chinese characters and words are also used in dictionary words arrangement and indexing. [32] [circular reference]

  6. Pinyin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin

    A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks." [ 29 ] As pinyin is a phonetic writing system for modern Standard Chinese , it is not designed to replace characters for writing Literary Chinese , the standard ...

  7. Mandarin Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese

    我 wǒ I 给 gěi give 你 nǐ you 一本 yìběn a 书 shū book [我給你一本書] 我 给 你 一本 书 wǒ gěi nǐ yìběn shū I give you a book In southern dialects, as well as many southwestern and Lower Yangtze dialects, the objects occur in the reverse order. Most varieties of Chinese use post-verbal particles to indicate aspect, but the particles used vary. Most Mandarin ...

  8. Tone name - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_name

    In tonal languages, tone names are the names given to the tones these languages use. Pitch contours of the four Mandarin tones In contemporary standard Chinese (Mandarin), the tones are numbered from 1 to 4.

  9. Tone letter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_letter

    The tone contours of Mandarin Chinese. In the convention for Chinese, 1 is low and 5 is high. The corresponding tone letters are ˥, ˧˥, ˨˩˦, ˥˩.. A series of iconic tone letters based on a musical staff was devised by Yuen Ren Chao in the 1920s [2] by adding a reference stave to the existing convention of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

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