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Depression is a significant mental illness with physiological and psychological consequences, including sluggishness, diminished interest and pleasure, and disturbances in sleep and appetite. [1] It is predicted that by the year 2030, depression will be the number one cause of disability in the United States and other high-income countries. [2]
Depression is usually a response to life events such as relationship issues, financial problems, physical illness, bereavement, etc. Some people can become depressed for no obvious reason and their suffering is just as real as those reacting from life events. Psychological makeup can also play a role in vulnerability to depression.
Genes play a major role in the development of depression. [43] Family and twin studies find that nearly 40% of individual differences in risk for major depressive disorder can be explained by genetic factors. [44] Like most psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder is likely influenced by many individual genetic changes. [45]
One behavioral activation approach to depression had participants create a hierarchy of reinforcing activities, rank-ordered by difficulty. Participants then tracked goals along with clinicians who used a token economy to reinforce success in moving through the hierarchy of activities, being measured before and after by the Beck Depression Inventory.
A diagram showing Beck's cognitive triad. Beck's cognitive triad, also known as the negative triad, [1] [2] is a cognitive-therapeutic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression.
Play therapy also assists with sensorimotor development and coping skills. [9] [10] Play therapy is an effective technique for therapy, regardless of age, gender, or nature of the problem. [11] When children do not know how to communicate their problems, they act out. This may look like misbehavior in school, with friends or at home.
Depression can have multiple, sometimes overlapping, origins. Depression can be a symptom of some mood disorders, some of which are also commonly called depression, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and dysthymia. [7] Additionally, depression can be a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one.
The trauma model of mental disorders, or trauma model of psychopathology, emphasises the effects of physical, sexual and psychological trauma as key causal factors in the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety [1] as well as psychosis, [2] whether the trauma is experienced in childhood or adulthood. It ...