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Heartburn is a common symptom of late term pregnancy during which up to 80% of pregnant women have experienced it by the end of their third trimester. [12] Heartburn often indicates the development of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), where the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes due to elevated progesterone levels causing increased ...
The microbiota during pregnancy are predominantly Lactobacillus species. Microbiota composition can change during the course of the pregnancy. If the microbiota populations become more diverse, indicating that the normal Lactobacillus-dominated population has changed to a bacterial vaginosis population, risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes ...
The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature.
Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding does not appear to be harmful. [9] Amoxicillin is in the β-lactam family of antibiotics. [9] Amoxicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into medical use in 1972. [12] [13] Amoxil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974, [4] [5] and in the United Kingdom in 1977. [2]
Much of the research included in this review lost participants during follow-up so did not report the long-term effects of the antibiotics on mothers or babies. More research in this area is needed to find the full effects of giving antibiotics throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. [73]
Penicillins, cephalosporins, and fosfomycin are safe options during pregnancy. [35] Nitrofurantoin is typically avoided during the first trimester due to uncertain associations with congenital anomalies. [36] TMP/SMX should also be avoided as it may be associated with impaired folate metabolism, which increases the risk of neural tube defects.
Tobacco use during pregnancy [10] Illicit drug use during pregnancy [11] Having had PROM or preterm delivery in previous pregnancies [8] Polyhydramnios: too much amniotic fluid [9] Multiple gestation: being pregnant with two or more fetuses at one time [8] Having had episodes of bleeding anytime during the pregnancy [8]
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.