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Norwood procedure. Norwood procedure is most commonly performed to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome, double outlet right ventricle, double inlet left ventricle, and other single ventricle congenital heart defects. [5] Variations are also used for palliation of mitral and tricuspid atresia [6] and subsets of transposition of great arteries ...
As of 2013, an estimated 75% of 700 million dogs worldwide were free to roam and reproduce, resulting in overpopulation, high mortality rates and poor health. [1] The main management approach is surgical sterilization, i.e. the removal of testes or ovaries, often performed through trap-neuter-return strategies. [2]
The Fontan Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack of a heart valve (e.g. tricuspid or mitral atresia), an abnormality of the pumping ability of the heart (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome or hypoplastic right heart syndrome), or a complex congenital heart disease where a bi-ventricular repair is impossible or ...
Following the bidirectional Glenn shunt, failure of the procedure can be broadly categorized as failure of procedure, cardiac dysfunction related to surgery, or cardiac dysfunction leading to death before further surgical intervention. [8] Retrospective reviews demonstrate failure of the procedure in 6.5% of patients.
A Sano shunt is a shunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation. [1] [2] [3]In contrast to a Blalock–Taussig shunt, circulation is primarily in systole. [citation needed]
Currently, infants undergo either the staged reconstructive surgery (Norwood or Sano procedure within a few days of birth, Glenn or Hemi-Fontan procedure at 3 to 6 months of age, and the Fontan procedure at 1 1/2 to 5 years of age) or cardiac transplantation. [10] Current expectations are that 70% of those with HLHS may reach adulthood. [18]
NSAIDs (such as indomethacin) and calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine) are the most likely to delay delivery for 48 hours, with the least amount of maternal and neonatal side effects. [46] Otherwise, tocolysis is rarely successful beyond 24 to 48 hours because current medications do not alter the fundamentals of labor activation. [ 47 ]
Carboprost was the first drug widely used for medication abortions. It is still sometimes used for second trimester abortions, but has generally been supplanted by the mifepristone / misoprostol combination.