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Shotcrete, gunite (/ ˈ ɡ ʌ n aɪ t /), or sprayed concrete is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. This construction technique was invented by Carl Akeley and first used in 1907. [1]: 7 The concrete is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
The steelwork was encased in gunite, a sprayed dry mix concrete, the process of which was based on an invention in the United States at turn of century to spray plaster of paris in the reconstruction of skeletons of prehistoric animals. Between 1904 and 1909 this method was modified to spray sand and cement using a machine known as a Cement- Gun.
When constructing a retaining wall from eco-blocks, a stable foundation is still required. In July 2015, a 70-year-old man in Washington died after an ecology block wall under construction on a sand foundation collapsed, and his legs were crushed by a 3,600-pound (1,600 kg) block. [1] [12]
Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam ) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.
Earth sheltering often requires heavier construction materials to resist the weight of the earth against the walls and/or roof. Reinforced concrete in particular needs to be used in much larger quantities per building. The manufacture of concrete is a major source of greenhouse gases. The materials involved tend to be non-biodegradable substances.
The new Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method [1] (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses.
[1] [2] [3] Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks. [4] [5] Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used, [3] [6] as well as specifically designed structures called tetrapods or similar concrete blocks. Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an ...
Terraced wall on La Gomera. A terraced wall, also a terrace wall, or a terraced retaining wall is a wall that is divided into sections over a slope. Such designs are useful when building on a steep grade. Terraced walls may be built with many different materials. Some craters have terraced walls, which includes complex craters. [1] [2]
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