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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Proven to be impossible to prove or disprove within Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with or without the axiom of choice (provided Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is consistent, i.e., it does not contain a contradiction). There is no consensus on whether this is a solution to the problem. 1940, 1963 2nd
For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [4] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [5] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.
Smale's problems is a list of eighteen unsolved problems in mathematics proposed by Steve Smale in 1998 [1] and republished in 1999. [2] Smale composed this list in reply to a request from Vladimir Arnold, then vice-president of the International Mathematical Union, who asked several mathematicians to propose a list of problems for the 21st century.
List of unsolved problems may refer to several notable conjectures or open problems in various academic fields: Natural sciences, engineering and medicine [ edit ]
Several algorithms solving the unknotting problem are based on Haken's theory of normal surfaces: Haken's algorithm uses the theory of normal surfaces to find a disk whose boundary is the knot. Haken originally used this algorithm to show that unknotting is decidable, but did not analyze its complexity in more detail.
In set theory, an infinite set is not considered to be created by some mathematical process such as "adding one element" that is then carried out "an infinite number of times". Instead, a particular infinite set (such as the set of all natural numbers) is said to already exist, "by fiat", as an assumption or an axiom. Given this infinite set ...
The kernel of the sunflower is the brown part in the middle, and each set of the sunflower is the union of a petal and the kernel. In the mathematical fields of set theory and extremal combinatorics, a sunflower or -system [1] is a collection of sets in which all possible distinct pairs of sets share the same intersection.