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Clostridioides difficile infection [5] (CDI or C-diff), also known as Clostridium difficile infection, is a symptomatic infection due to the spore-forming bacterium Clostridioides difficile. [6] Symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. [1] It makes up about 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. [1]
Clostridioides difficile (syn. Clostridium difficile) is a bacterium known for causing serious diarrheal infections, and may also cause colon cancer. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is known also as C. difficile , or C. diff ( / s iː d ɪ f / ), and is a Gram-positive species of spore -forming bacteria. [ 6 ]
Clostridioides difficile, also known more commonly as C. diff, accounts for 10 to 20% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, because the antibiotics administered for the treatment of certain disease processes such as inflammatory colitis also inadvertently kill a large portion of the gut flora, the normal flora that is usually present within the bowel.
The signs and symptoms of colitis are quite variable and dependent on the cause of the given colitis and factors that modify its course and severity. [2]Common symptoms of colitis may include: mild to severe abdominal pains and tenderness (depending on the stage of the disease), persistent hemorrhagic diarrhea with pus either present or absent in the stools, fecal incontinence, flatulence ...
Alternative causes of colitis should be considered, such as ischemic colitis (inadequate blood flow to the colon), radiation colitis (if prior exposure to radiation therapy), or chemical colitis. Pseudomembranous colitis may occur due to Clostridioides difficile infection following administration of antibiotics.
Scanning electron micrograph of Clostridioides difficile bacteria from a stool sample. Fecal microbiota transplant is approximately 85–90% effective in people with CDI for whom antibiotics have not worked or in whom the disease recurs following antibiotics. [12] [13] Most people with CDI recover with one FMT treatment. [8] [14] [15]
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The condition is usually caused by Gram-positive enteric commensal bacteria of the gut (). Clostridioides difficile is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that commonly causes severe diarrhea and other intestinal diseases when competing bacteria are wiped out by antibiotics, causing pseudomembranous colitis, whereas Clostridium septicum is responsible for most cases of neutropenic enterocolitis.