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The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound. US is an accessible, versatile inexpensive and fast aid for decision-making in patients with renal symptoms and for guidance in renal intervention. [1] Renal ultrasound (US) is a common examination, which has been performed for ...
One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the kidneys include assessment of electrolyte levels such as potassium and phosphate, assessment of acid-base status by the measurement of bicarbonate levels from a vein, and assessment of the full blood count for anaemia.
Use of duplex ultrasound to determine if there is backward flow of urine, for example in vesicoureteric reflux. Determination of how much urine is in the bladder, for example to assess for urinary retention. To look for evidence and the cause of chronic kidney disease, for example shrunken kidneys. [1]
Essentially, ultrasound tests can determine whether the composition of the kidney mass is mainly solid or filled with fluid. [ 49 ] A percutaneous biopsy can be performed by a radiologist using ultrasound or computed tomography to guide sampling of the tumour for the purpose of diagnosis by pathology .
The surface of the kidney has a pelvic recess and one or more transverse cortical grooves, presumed to be a failed formation of a renal lobe. The renal parenchyma next to the hypoplastic part of the kidney is seemingly normal; however, it can undergo hypertrophy, making the grooves more noticeable. [citation needed]
Since it is a result of SLE, this type of glomerulonephritis is said to be secondary, and has a different pattern and outcome from conditions with a primary cause originating in the kidney. [5] [2] The diagnosis of lupus nephritis depends on blood tests, urinalysis, X-rays, ultrasound scans of the kidneys, and a kidney biopsy.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).
Diagnosis is primarily made using ultrasound and CT. [2] CT and MRI imaging can show the space occupying lesions but doppler ultrasound is needed to display the hemodynamic changes occurring in the kidney. [8] Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic test of choice but due to its low resolution further imaging may be necessary. [1]