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Since dogs are insulin dependent, oral diabetes drugs, which require a functional endocrine pancreas with beta cells capable of producing insulin, are ineffective. [11] [50] [51] [10] Diabetic dogs require insulin therapy, [52] which must be continued for life. [11] [53]
Half the dogs received bedinvetmab and half the dogs received a sterile saline injection every 28 days for a total of three doses. [5] Before treatment and on various days throughout the study, owners used the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) assessment tool to measure the severity of the dog's pain and the degree to which the pain interfered ...
Ephedra is widely used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drug, [13] despite a lack of evidence that it improves athletic performance. [14] [15] Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. [16] Ephedra has been used as a weight-loss aid, sometimes in combination with aspirin and caffeine.
Ephedrine Sulphate (1932), Ephedrine Compound (1932), and Swan-Myers Ephedrine Inhalant No. 66 (circa 1940).Ephedrine is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic with cardiovascular effects similar to those of adrenaline/epinephrine: increased blood pressure, heart rate and contractility.
The Ephedra alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine – constituents of E. sinica and other members of the genus – have sympathomimetic and decongestant qualities, [21] and have been used as dietary supplements, mainly for weight loss. [22] The drug ephedrine is used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. [21]
pentoxyfylline – xanthine derivative used in as an antiinflammatory drug and in the prevention of endotoxemia; pergolide – dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses; phenobarbital – anti-convulsant used for seizures; phenylbutazone – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Diabetes and hypothyroidism are also associated with hyperlipidemia. [25] [26] Those with other types of gastrointestinal conditions and dogs that have had previous pancreatitis attacks are also at increased risk for the disorder. [2] In cats, a study found an association with inflammatory bowel disease and cholangitis with pancreatitis. [27]
Pseudoephedrine, one of the naturally occurring alkaloids of ephedra, is a sympathomimetic used as a decongestant. [ medical citation needed ] It produces a decongestant effect that is facilitated by the vasoconstriction in the mucosal capillaries of the upper respiratory areas.
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