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The first branch of algebraic graph theory involves the study of graphs in connection with linear algebra.Especially, it studies the spectrum of the adjacency matrix, or the Laplacian matrix of a graph (this part of algebraic graph theory is also called spectral graph theory).
Graph theory is also widely used in sociology as a way, for example, to measure actors' prestige or to explore rumor spreading, notably through the use of social network analysis software. Under the umbrella of social networks are many different types of graphs. [17] Acquaintanceship and friendship graphs describe whether people know each other.
The web graph W 4,2 is a cube. The web graph W n,r is a graph consisting of r concentric copies of the cycle graph C n, with corresponding vertices connected by "spokes". Thus W n,1 is the same graph as C n, and W n,2 is a prism. A web graph has also been defined as a prism graph Y n+1, 3, with the edges of the outer cycle removed. [7] [10]
This notion has made it possible to use the methods of graph theory in universal algebra and several other areas of discrete mathematics and computer science.Graph algebras have been used, for example, in constructions concerning dualities, [2] equational theories, [3] flatness, [4] groupoid rings, [5] topologies, [6] varieties, [7] finite-state machines, [8] [9] tree languages and tree ...
Finally, computing the number of four-colorings of a planar graph is #P-complete, even though the decision problem is trivial by the four color theorem. In contrast, it is easy to see that counting the number of three-colorings for planar graphs is #P-complete because the decision problem is known to be NP-complete via a parsimonious reduction.
The Leavitt path algebra corresponding to , denoted by (), is defined to be the -algebra generated by a Cuntz–Krieger -family that is universal in the sense that whenever {,,:,} is a Cuntz–Krieger -family in a -algebra there exists a -algebra homomorphism : with () = for all , () = for all , and () = for all .
A line graph has an articulation point if and only if the underlying graph has a bridge for which neither endpoint has degree one. [2] For a graph G with n vertices and m edges, the number of vertices of the line graph L(G) is m, and the number of edges of L(G) is half the sum of the squares of the degrees of the vertices in G, minus m. [6]
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
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