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Eslam va Malekiyyat (Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951), Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) by Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (1961) and; Eqtesad-e Towhidi (The Economics of Divine Harmony) by Abolhassan Banisadr (1978) Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective by Habibullah Peyman (1979). [94] [95]
Ulama and kyais, mostly wealthy landowners of rural area, were authoritative figures in this system, and santri (students) learned Islam through taqlid (rote learning) and kitab kuning. Distinct characteristics of traditionalism are based on such syncretism and rural communal dynamics. [1] [5]
Electronic business (also known as online business or e-business) is any kind of business or commercial activity that includes sharing information across the internet. [1] Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups, and individuals; [ 2 ] and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business.
The Jakarta Charter (Indonesian: Piagam Jakarta) was a document drawn up by members of the Indonesian Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) on 22 June 1945 in Jakarta that later formed the basis of the preamble to the Constitution of Indonesia.
Modernism/Reformism in the Indonesian context is defined by its pure adherence toward the Qur'an and Hadith, promotion of ijtihad (individual reasoning), rejection of madh'hab (Islamic schools of jurisprudence) and as well as criticism against taqlid (imitation of judicial precedence) to religious scholars, Sufism, and vernacular traditions based on syncretism with local practices.
A market economy was established in the Islamic world on the basis of an economic system resembling merchant capitalism. Capital formation was promoted by labour in medieval Islamic society, and financial capital was developed by a considerable number of owners of monetary funds and precious metals.
Sunna or sunnat, is the body of traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time supposedly saw, followed, and passed on to the next generations. [1]
Islam and modernity is a topic of discussion in contemporary sociology of religion.The history of Islam chronicles different interpretations and approaches. Modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent one.