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The soil bulk density of cultivated loam is about 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm 3 (for comparison water is 1.0 g/cm 3). [48] Contrary to particle density, soil bulk density is highly variable for a given soil, with a strong causal relationship with soil biological activity and management strategies. [49]
Major effects on soil properties due to soil compaction are reduced air permeability and reduced water infiltration. [27] Main physical negative effects to plants are restricted plant root growth in response to the accumulation of the plant hormone ethylene [28] and accessibility of nutrients due to increase in bulk density and reduced soil ...
Plants absorb water from the soil, which then evaporates from their shoots and leaves; this process is known as transpiration.If placed in a dry environment, a typical mesophytic plant would evaporate water faster than the rate of water uptake from the soil, leading to wilting and even death.
Special mention must be made of the use of charcoal, and more generally biochar to improve nutrient-poor tropical soils, a process based on the higher fertility of anthropogenic pre-Columbian Amazonian Dark Earths, also called Terra Preta de Índio, due to interesting physical and chemical properties of soil black carbon as a source of stable ...
The zinc content of commercially available plant-based food ranges from 3 to 10 μg/g fresh weight. [78] Copper: Essential micronutrient: Cu 2+ 0.01 [72] 1 [71] CuSO 4: Plant sensitivity to copper is highly variable. 0.1 ppm can be toxic to some plants [72] while a concentration up to 0.5 ppm for many plants is often considered ideal. [71 ...
B-vitamins are primarily found in animal-based foods, making deficiencies more common among those with limited animal food intake due to cultural, religious, or economic reasons. For vegetarians, fortified foods can be a viable alternative to ensure adequate vitamin B12 levels, especially when reducing laxative use to improve absorption.
Because the specific gravity as defined above uses an unrealistic condition, woodworkers tend to use the "average dried weight", which is a density based on mass at 12% moisture content and volume at the same (ρ 12). This condition occurs when the wood is at equilibrium moisture content with air at about 65% relative humidity and temperature ...
Dietary fiber is defined to be plant components that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. [1] In the late 20th century, only lignin and some polysaccharides were known to satisfy this definition, but in the early 21st century, resistant starch and oligosaccharides were included as dietary fiber components.