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Fair Funds were established by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), specifically 15 U.S.C. § 7246(a) (the "Fair Fund Provision"). [1]Prior to Sarbanes–Oxley, civil penalties obtained by the SEC based on actions under the securities laws were paid to the United States Treasury, and were not distributed by the SEC to investors who were injured by the securities fraud. [2]
During 2006 and 2007, securities fraud class actions were driven by market wide events, such as the 2006 backdating scandal and the 2007 subprime crisis. Securities fraud lawsuits remained below historical averages. [35] Some manifestations of this white collar crime have become more frequent as the Internet gives criminals greater access to prey.
SEC Rule 10b-5, codified at 17 CFR 240.10b-5, is one of the most important rules targeting securities fraud in the United States. It was promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), pursuant to its authority granted under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. [1]
A securities class action (SCA), or securities fraud class action, is a lawsuit filed by investors who bought or sold a company's publicly traded securities within a specific period of time (known as a “class period”) and suffered economic injury as a result of violations of the securities laws.
The Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, or FERA, Pub. L. 111–21 (text), S. 386, 123 Stat. 1617, enacted May 20, 2009, is a public law in the United States enacted in 2009. The law enhanced criminal enforcement of federal fraud laws, especially regarding financial institutions, mortgage fraud, and securities fraud or commodities fraud.
The company said in a statement that the U.S. SEC complaint "prays for an order directing the defendants to pay civil monetary penalties (but) it does not quantify the amount of penalty".
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–67 (text), 109 Stat. 737 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 15 U.S.C.) ("PSLRA") implemented several substantive changes in the United States that have affected certain cases brought under the federal securities laws, including changes related to pleading, discovery, liability, class representation, and awards fees ...
The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 is an act that was enacted for regulation and development of securities market in India. It was amended in the years 1995, 1999, and 2002 to meet the requirements of changing needs of the securities market. It was the 15th Act of 1992.