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h is a constant (the "dimensionless Hubble constant") in the range 0.5 < h < 0.75 reflecting the uncertainty in the value of the Hubble constant H for the rate of expansion of the universe: h = H / 100 (km/s)/Mpc . The Hubble constant becomes relevant when converting an observed redshift z into a distance d using the formula d ≈ c ...
Average distance of Earth's orbit from the Sun (sunlight travels for 8 minutes and 19 seconds before reaching Earth) — Mars: 1.52 — Average distance from the Sun — Jupiter: 5.2 — Average distance from the Sun — Light-hour: 7.2 — Distance light travels in one hour — Saturn: 9.5 — Average distance from the Sun — Uranus: 19.2 ...
The most distant space probe, Voyager 1, was about 18 light-hours (130 au,19.4 billion km, 12.1 billion mi) away from the Earth as of October 2014. [29] It will take about 17 500 years to reach one light-year at its current speed of about 17 km/s (38 000 mph, 61 200 km/h) relative to the Sun.
A parsec is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object that has a parallax angle of one arcsecond (not to scale). The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to 3.26 light-years or 206,265 astronomical units (AU), i.e. 30.9 trillion kilometres (19.2 trillion miles).
The Hubble constant is most frequently quoted in km/s/Mpc, which gives the speed of a galaxy 1 megaparsec (3.09 × 10 19 km) away as 70 km/s. Simplifying the units of the generalized form reveals that H 0 specifies a frequency (SI unit: s −1 ), leading the reciprocal of H 0 to be known as the Hubble time (14.4 billion years).
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In gravitationally bound systems, the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around either the barycenter (the combined center of mass) or, if one body is much more massive than the other bodies of the system combined, its speed relative to the center of mass of the most massive body.
where is the Hubble constant, is the proper distance, is the object's recessional velocity, and is the object's peculiar velocity. The recessional velocity of a galaxy can be calculated from the redshift observed in its emitted spectrum. One application of Hubble's law is to estimate distances to galaxies based on measurements of their ...