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Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful micro-organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively inexpensive solution used in household bleach that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water ...
The Homestake experiment was followed by other experiments with the same purpose, such as Kamiokande in Japan, SAGE in the former Soviet Union, GALLEX in Italy, Super Kamiokande, also in Japan, and SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) in Ontario, Canada. SNO was the first detector able to detect neutrino oscillation, solving the solar neutrino ...
Another earlier process to produce chlorine was to heat brine with acid and manganese dioxide. 2 NaCl + 2H 2 SO 4 + MnO 2 → Na 2 SO 4 + MnSO 4 + 2 H 2 O + Cl 2. Using this process, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate chlorine in a laboratory. The manganese can be recovered by the Weldon process. [11]
Chlorinated paraffins are synthesized by reaction of chlorine gas with unbranched paraffin fractions (<2 % isoparaffins, <100 ppm aromatics) at a temperature of 80–100 °C. [2] The radical substitution may be promoted by UV-light. [3] [1] C x H (2x+2) + y Cl 2 → C x H (2x−y+2) Cl y + y HCl
The advantages of TAC tanks include simplicity, low maintenance, lack of toxic effluent (like chlorine), and the availability of calcium as a nutrient in drinking water. The disadvantages include that the calcite crystals are not avoided or removed from the water such that areas where water evaporates will still show deposits.
Checking chlorine level of the local water source in La Paz, Honduras. Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water . This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water.
The length and breadth of the tanks are determined by the flow rate desired for the filters, which typically have a loading rate of 200–400 litres (0.20–0.40 m 3) per square metre per hour. Slow sand filters differ from all other filters used to treat drinking water in that they work by using a complex biofilm that grows naturally on the ...
To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book". [4] [5] Certain analyses are performed in-field (e.g. pH, specific conductance) while others involve sampling and laboratory ...