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The glass is most susceptible to breakage due to damage at its edge, where the tensile stress is the greatest, but can also shatter in the event of a hard impact in the middle of the glass pane or if the impact is concentrated (for example, the glass is struck with a hardened point).
It is then mounted on a glass slide and then ground smooth using progressively finer abrasive grit until the sample is only 30 μm thick. The method uses the Michel-Lévy interference colour chart to determine thickness, typically using quartz as the thickness gauge because it is one of the most abundant minerals.
A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50 °C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]
The resulting glass code is the value of n d − 1 rounded to three digits, followed by V d rounded to three digits, with all decimal points ignored. For example, BK7 has n d = 1.5168 and V d = 64.17, giving a six-digit glass code of 517642. [1] Consequently, a linear approximation for the refractive index dispersion close that wavelength is ...
The film thickness is selected for level of protection desired and the dimensions of the glass pane. Manufacturers recommend 100 micrometer film (2 ply) for glass up to 3 mm (1/8 in) and 175 micrometer film for glass over 6 mm (1/4 in). These films can be applied for security applications, where a delay of forced entry is desired.