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Most other space exploration and colonization plans face concerns about the damaging effect of long-term exposure to fractional g or zero gravity on the human musculoskeletal system. Venus's relative proximity makes transportation and communications easier than for most other locations in the Solar System .
Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus. The Soviet Union, followed by the United States, have soft landed probes on the surface. Venera 7 was the first lander overall and first for the Soviet Union, touching down on 15 December 1970. Pioneer Venus 2 contained the first spacecraft to land from the United States, the Day ...
It also made global maps of Venerean surface temperatures, and attempted to observe signs of life on Earth from a distance. Venus Express successfully assumed a polar orbit on April 11, 2006. The mission was originally planned to last for two Venusian years (about 500 Earth days), but was extended to the end of 2014 until its propellant was ...
First mission to survey the space environment above and below the poles of the Sun. USA (NASA) ESA Ulysses [43] 13 September 1992: First spacecraft to map Venus in its entirety. USA (NASA) Magellan [44] 22 March 1995: Record longest duration spaceflight to date (437.7 day by Valeri Polyakov). Russia Mir: July 1995
The probe operated for about 23 minutes before being destroyed by the Venusian atmosphere. The Venera series space probes returned radar images of the Venusian surfaces, [2] shown as below with the landing locations of the probes. Position of Venera landing sites and the radar topography obtained.
The Magellan spacecraft was a 1,035-kilogram (2,282 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on May 4, 1989. Its mission objectives were to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic-aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field.
The European Space Agency has officially adopted two new space missions to study Venus from its atmosphere to inner core and to search for gravitational waves.
Missions to Venus and Image catalog at the National Space Science Data Center; Soviet Exploration of Venus and Image catalog at Mentallandscape.com; Venus page at The Nine Planets; Transits of Venus at NASA.gov; Geody Venus, a search engine for surface features; Cartographic resources. Map-a-Planet: Venus by the U.S. Geological Survey