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Berlo holds that these six components are necessary to account for communication in its most general sense. However, the model can be simplified to four components for regular person-to-person communication. This is the case because source and encoder can be grouped together as one entity, just like decoder and receiver.
[2] [10] [12] For example, Greenberg and Salwen state: "Although Lasswell's model draws attention to several key elements in the mass communication process, it does no more than describe general areas of study. It does not link elements together with any specificity, and there is no notion of an active process."
One of the earliest models of communication was given by Aristotle. [2] [71] He speaks of communication in his treatise Rhetoric and characterizes it as a techne or an art. [72] His model is primarily concerned with public speaking and is made up of five elements: the speaker, the message, the audience, the occasion, and the effect. [71] [73]
[4] [5] Models of communication are simplified presentations of the process of communication and try to explain it by discussing its main components and their relations. [6] [7] [8] For Schramm, a central aspect of communication is that the participants "are trying to establish a 'commonness '" by sharing an idea or information.
This belief led to the creation of his most well known contribution to the field of communication: the Transactional Model of Communication. [1] [2] Barnlund understands models as attempts to create a simplified picture of an underlying complex reality. [3] [4] This is especially relevant for such a complex process as communication. [5]
The word communication has its root in the Latin verb communicare, which means ' to share ' or ' to make common '. [1] Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: [2] a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. [3]
Thus, encoding/decoding is the translation needed for a message to be easily understood. When you decode a message, you extract the meaning of that message in ways to simplify it. Decoding has both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication: Decoding behavior without using words, such as displays of non-verbal communication.
The four-sides model also known as communication square or four-ears model is a communication model described in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. [2] [3] It describes the multi-layered structure of human utterances.