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  2. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    Total dissolved solids include both volatile and non-volatile solids. Volatile solids are ones that can easily go from a solid to a gaseous state. Non-volatile solids must be heated to a high temperature, typically 550 °C, in order to achieve this state change. Examples of non-volatile substances include salts and sugars. [3]

  3. Liquidus and solidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus

    The upper curve is the line of liquidus, and the lower curve is the line of solidus. In chemistry , materials science , and physics , the liquidus temperature specifies the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, [ 2 ] and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium .

  4. Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

    Earth's hydrosphere is the sum of Earth's water and its distribution. Most of Earth's hydrosphere consists of Earth's global ocean. Earth's hydrosphere also consists of water in the atmosphere and on land, including clouds, inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 18 metric tons or ...

  5. Hydrosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere

    The total mass of Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 18 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. At any given time, about 2 × 10 13 tonnes of this is in the form of water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic metre of water weighs 1 tonne).

  6. Water vapor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor

    The atmosphere holds 1 part in 2500 of the fresh water, and 1 part in 100,000 of the total water on Earth. [39] The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep.

  7. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Historically, the distinction is based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming ...

  8. Properties of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

    On the other hand, the maximum water vapor pressure that is thermodynamically stable with the liquid (or solid) at a given temperature is relatively low compared with total atmospheric pressure. For example, if the vapor's partial pressure is 2% of atmospheric pressure and the air is cooled from 25 °C, starting at about 22 °C, water will ...

  9. Internal structure of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth

    Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) in height (i.e. distance from the highest point to the lowest point at the edge of the inner core) [36% of the Earth's radius, 15.6% of the volume] and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. [31]

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