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Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. [3]
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. [3] CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease ...
The Killip classification is a system used in individuals with an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), taking into account physical examination and the development of heart failure in order to predict and stratify their risk of mortality.
The heart is a muscular organ found in humans and other animals.This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels. [1] Heart and blood vessels together make the circulatory system. [2]
In cardiology, ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) [1] refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). [2]
The general structure of a cardiac glycoside consists of a steroid molecule attached to a sugar and an R group. [4] The steroid nucleus consists of four fused rings to which other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be attached to influence the overall molecule's biological activity. [4]
Institut Jantung Negara Sdn Bhd (also known as National Heart Institute; abbreviation IJN), is a heart surgery centre in Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. IJN was founded in 1992 under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad tenure.
A heart valve is a biological one-way valve that allows blood to flow in one direction through the chambers of the heart.A mammalian heart usually has four valves. Together, the valves determine the direction of blood flow through the heart.