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The simplest kind of an orbit is a fixed point, or an equilibrium. If a mechanical system is in a stable equilibrium state then a small push will result in a localized motion, for example, small oscillations as in the case of a pendulum. In a system with damping, a stable equilibrium state is moreover asymptotically stable. On the other hand ...
For example, the function / (defined as 0 in x=0) has all derivatives equal to zero. At the same time, this function has a local minimum in x=0, so it is a stable equilibrium. If this function is multiplied by the Sign function, all derivatives will still be zero but it will become an unstable equilibrium.
A much more sophisticated example is the Anosov flow on tangent bundles of Riemann surfaces. In that case, the tangent space splits very explicitly and precisely into three parts: the unstable and stable bundles, with the neutral manifold wedged between.
A typical example of a differential equation with a saddle-node bifurcation is: = +. Here is the state variable and is the bifurcation parameter.. If < there are two equilibrium points, a stable equilibrium point at and an unstable one at +.
The simplest non-trivial examples are the exponential growth model/decay (one unstable/stable equilibrium) and the logistic growth model (two equilibria, one stable, one unstable). Classification of critical points
[9] [10] [11] Such examples are easy to create using homoclinic connections.) If the Jacobian of the dynamical system at an equilibrium happens to be a stability matrix (i.e., if the real part of each eigenvalue is strictly negative), then the equilibrium is asymptotically stable.
[6] [non-primary source needed] The summary of the results is that the three-dimensional homogeneous convex (mono-monostatic) body, which has one stable and one unstable equilibrium point, does exist and is not unique. Their form is dissimilar to any typical representative of any other equilibrium geometrical class.
The point undergoes a Hopf bifurcation: the stable equilibrium expands into a stable oscillation around =, at frequency /, and amplitude where is the critical amplitude. [ 5 ] For even larger amplitude, the stable oscillation becomes unstable, and the pendulum would start rotating.