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A fief (/ f iː f /; Latin: feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to a vassal, who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form of feudal allegiance, services or payments.
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
Feudalism in the 12th century Norman England was among the better structured and established in Europe at the time. However, it could be structurally complex, which is illustrated by the example of the feudal barony of Stafford as described in a survey of knight's fees made in 1166 and recorded in The Black Book of the Exchequer.
Feudal maintenance under feudal systems of government, was the money payment to soldiers who fought in the interest and at the command of their lord. [1] Such soldiers comprised private armies, each with uniquely identifiable livery. The system of feudal government under which maintenance was paid was most notably present in Europe during the ...
Feudal duties were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a feudal system. [1] These duties developed in both Europe and Japan with the decentralisation of empire and due to lack of monetary liquidity, as groups of warriors took over the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres of the territory they controlled. [2]
In order to understand the character of English finance in the Middle Ages, it is essential to constantly bear in mind the identification of the king with the state.. Although feudalism was, in one aspect, a powerful instrument for the division of political authority, the particular form in which the Conqueror introduced it to England nevertheless enabled the fiscal rights of the crown to be ...
The final major event in the fall of English feudalism is considered to be the Black Death, which killed many of the peasants. The reduced supply of labour led to it commanding a higher price. This led to the Statute of Labourers 1351, which prohibited the payment of wages above their pre-plague wages levels. This caused peasants to work more ...
As scutage replaced knight-service, that question fell outside consideration. Heirs were therefore able to succeed fiefs in exchange for the payment of a type of inheritance tax. [3] The Tenures Abolition Act 1660 declared that all land was to be held by socage tenure, ending the feudal tenure. [7]