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Full-waveform (multi-return) is often used for forest analysis by Airborne LiDAR, while discrete return (single return) is used by a ground-based laser scanning method. [19] A laser is reflected whenever it reaches any surfaces. The full-waveform return is able to penetrate down into canopies and return vegetation information at different ...
At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method. The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior.Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter.
Discrete dipole approximation (DDA), also known as coupled dipole approximation, [1] is a method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape and by periodic structures. Given a target of arbitrary geometry, one seeks to calculate its scattering and absorption properties by an approximation of the continuum target by a ...
In mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time (DART) is an ion source that produces electronically or vibronically excited-state species from gases such as helium, argon, or nitrogen that ionize atmospheric molecules or dopant molecules.
A Poincaré plot, named after Henri Poincaré, is a graphical representation used to visualize the relationship between consecutive data points in time series to detect patterns and irregularities in the time series, revealing information about the stability of dynamical systems, providing insights into periodic orbits, chaotic motions, and bifurcations.
A range gate is an electronic circuit that selects signals within a given time period; the "gate" allows signals to pass through only within the selected time. The term is mostly used in radar, where range gates are used to select certain targets for further processing.
The Fourier transform of a function of time, s(t), is a complex-valued function of frequency, S(f), often referred to as a frequency spectrum.Any linear time-invariant operation on s(t) produces a new spectrum of the form H(f)•S(f), which changes the relative magnitudes and/or angles of the non-zero values of S(f).