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Full-waveform (multi-return) is often used for forest analysis by Airborne LiDAR, while discrete return (single return) is used by a ground-based laser scanning method. [19] A laser is reflected whenever it reaches any surfaces. The full-waveform return is able to penetrate down into canopies and return vegetation information at different ...
At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method. The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
Richat Structure by Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Instead of being a meteorite impact, the landform is more likely to be a collapsed dome fold structure.. Remote sensing is used in the geological sciences as a data acquisition method complementary to field observation, because it allows mapping of geological characteristics of regions without physical contact with the areas being ...
The individual atoms of the polypeptide have been hidden. All of the non-hydrogen atoms in the two ligands are shown near the top of the diagram. Ribbon diagrams are schematic representations of protein structure and are one of the most common methods of protein depiction used today. The ribbon shows the overall path and organization of the ...
In mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time (DART) is an ion source that produces electronically or vibronically excited-state species from gases such as helium, argon, or nitrogen that ionize atmospheric molecules or dopant molecules.
The Fourier transform of a function of time, s(t), is a complex-valued function of frequency, S(f), often referred to as a frequency spectrum.Any linear time-invariant operation on s(t) produces a new spectrum of the form H(f)•S(f), which changes the relative magnitudes and/or angles of the non-zero values of S(f).
To stimulate the emission of characteristic X-rays from a specimen a beam of electrons or X-ray is focused into the sample being studied. At rest, an atom within the sample contains ground state (or unexcited) electrons in discrete energy levels or electron shells bound to the nucleus.
discrete: complex: 1: 0: acts on the Julia set for the squaring map. Complex cubic map: discrete: complex: 1: 2: Clifford fractal map [13] discrete: real: 2: 4: Degenerate Double Rotor map: De Jong fractal map [14] discrete: real: 2: 4: Delayed-Logistic system [15] discrete: real: 2: 1: Discretized circular Van der Pol system [16] discrete ...