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Machine state is held in RAM and, when placed in sleep mode, the computer cuts power to unneeded subsystems and places the RAM into a minimum power state, just sufficient to retain its data. Because of the large power saving, most laptops automatically enter this mode when the computer is running on batteries and the lid is closed.
To shut down or power off a computer is to remove power from a computer's main components in a controlled way. After a computer is shut down, main components such as CPUs , RAM modules and hard disk drives are powered down, although some internal components, such as an internal clock, may retain power.
Power Options (powercfg.cpl) Includes options to manage energy consumption such as; Specify how long it takes to switch off the display and hard drives and how long it takes for the system to enter standby, if at all. To decide what to do when the computer's on/off button is pressed, such as whether to shut down or to enter standby.
Timers, powered thermostats, and the like are other examples. An uninterruptible power supply could be considered to waste standby power only when the computer it protects is off. Properly disconnecting standby power is, at worst, inconvenient; powering down completely, for example, an answering machine not handling a call, renders it useless.
Power cycling is the act of turning a piece of equipment, usually a computer, off and then on again. Reasons for power cycling include having an electronic device reinitialize its set of configuration parameters or recover from an unresponsive state of its mission critical functionality, such as in a crash or hang situation.
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The system power consumption is a sum of the power ratings for all of the components of the computer system that draw on the power supply. Some graphics cards (especially multiple cards) and large groups of hard drives can place very heavy demands on the 12 V lines of the PSU, and for these loads, the PSU's 12 V rating is crucial.
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