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Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei ((北)魏孝文帝) (October 13, 467 [2] – April 26, 499 [3]), personal name Tuoba Hong (拓拔宏), later Yuan Hong (元宏), was an emperor of China's Northern Wei dynasty, reigning from September 20, 471 to April 26, 499.
Northern Wei ordered Xianbei family names that were two-to-three syllables to be shortened to one-to-two syllables, converting them to Han names. Later historians, including Wei Shou, the author of the official history of Northern Wei, Book of Wei, found shortened Han-style names to be easier to write about, and therefore used post-496 family names even where pre-496 events involving Northern ...
He was the first emperor in Chinese history who, after retiring at age 17 in favor of his 4-year-old son Emperor Xiaowen to become Taishang Huang (retired emperor) in 471, continued to hold on to power until his death in 476—when the official history states vaguely that he may have been killed by his stepmother Empress Dowager Feng.
Emperor Xiaowen of the Xianbei-led state of Northern Wei in northern China, eventually decreed the changes of Xianbei names to Han names. [79] Prior to Tanshihuai, the Xianbei did not have a hereditary system , and their chieftains were chosen by electing a member of their tribe based on their character and abilities.
Xiaowen's reforms were very successful and lead to prosperity for north China. Under Emperor Xiaowen, the taxable population was an estimated 30 million, which surpassed that under the Jin. [100] After Xiaowen's rule, Northern Wei's economy began to deteriorate, and famines and droughts undermined Wei rule.
The Jin dynasty had developed an alliance with the Tuoba against the Xiongnu state Han-Zhao.In 315, the Tuoba chief, Tuoba Yilu was granted the title of Prince of Dai.After his death, however, the Dai state stagnated, and with the Jin ejected from northern China, the Dai largely remained a partial ally and a partial tributary state to Later Zhao and Former Yan, finally falling to Former Qin in ...
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi dies and is succeeded by Xiao Zhaoye [8] Northern Wei: Li Chong starts constructions in Luoyang [8] 494: Northern Wei: Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moves to Luoyang [8] Northern Wei: Construction on the Longmen Caves begin [8] 495: Northern Wei: Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei bans Xianbei language in court [8] 498
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei followed up this activity and excavated three more caves, two in memory of his father, Emperor Xiaowen, and one in memory of his mother; all three caves are grouped under the title of the "Three Binyang Caves" (Binyangsandong), which were built by the emperor over a 24-year period. Over 30% of the caves seen now ...