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Starting in the 1960s, women's groups and feminists organizations began to emerge. [15] [22] These included university groups, women's jurist associations and clandestine women's political affiliate organizations. [15] Women's associations were tolerated by the regime but were not completely legal.
If women did not take or pass these classes, they were denied these opportunities. [3] A 28 December 1939 decree officially put the Women's Section of Falange in charge of preparing women for their role in the Spanish state as mothers and homemakers. [5] The Women's Section of the Falange represented the elite women of Spain. [5]
Starting in the 1960s, women's groups and feminists organizations began to emerge. [1] [36] Women's associations were tolerated by the regime but were not completely legal. [1] Many met clandestinely, and they were few in number. [36] This began to change when in 1964, women's associations were legally allowed.
Women in Francoist Spain (1939–1978) were the last generation of women to not be afforded full equality under the 1978 Spanish Constitution. [1] Women during this period found traditional Catholic Spanish gender roles being imposed on them, in terms of their employment opportunities and role in the family.
This largely excluded women, as only widowed women were generally considered heads of household. [5] Women's suffrage also changed because of rules around the age of majority and the voting age. [6] [7] The age of majority for women became 23 as a result of the imposition of the reintroduction of the Civil Code of 1889, Article 321. This ...
Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society. [47] A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood.
During the 1960s in Mexico, Purificación Tomás played a leading role among exiled socialist women. She was in charge of organizing the IX Congreso of PSOE in Mexico in 1964. [11] Purificación Tomás created the Secretariado Femenino, with the goal of integrating women's issues into the broader Spanish socialist movement.
These changes meant women could accept inheritances, appear in court, and accept a job without the approval of their husbands. [22] [9] The changes also impacted who controlled matrimonial property. [23] [22] [9] The law was also changed so that husbands were no longer married women's legal representatives by default. [9]