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2. Electrodeionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionization

   Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...

3. Purified water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purified_water

   Distilled or deionized water is commonly used to top up the lead–acid batteries used in cars and trucks and for other applications. The presence of foreign ions commonly found in tap water will drastically shorten the lifespan of a lead–acid battery. Distilled or deionized water is preferable to tap water for use in automotive cooling systems.

4. Ultrapure water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrapure_water

   Ultrapure water (UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water (HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including: organic and inorganic compounds; dissolved and particulate matter; volatile ...

5. Properties of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

   Pure water containing no exogenous ions is an excellent electronic insulator, but not even "deionized" water is completely free of ions. Water undergoes autoionization in the liquid state when two water molecules form one hydroxide anion (OH −) and one hydronium cation (H 3 O +). Because of autoionization, at ambient temperatures pure liquid ...

6. Conductivity (electrolytic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)

   The electrolytic conductivity of ultra-high purity water increases as a function of temperature (T) due to the higher dissociation of H 2 O in H + and OH − with T. In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (TDS). High-quality deionized water has a conductivity of

7. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

   where R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol −1 K −1), T the temperature (K), Φ v,fresh, the flow rate of the fresh water outflow (m 3 /s), C feed the concentration of ions in the feed water (mol/m 3) and C fresh the ion concentration in the fresh water outflow (mol/m 3) of the CDI cell.