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The Bortle dark-sky scale (usually referred to as simply the Bortle scale) is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light pollution .
[10] [11] Amateur astronomers have used the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale to approximately quantify skyglow ever since it was published in Sky & Telescope magazine in February 2001. [12] The scale rates the darkness of the night sky inhibited by skyglow with nine classes and provides a detailed description of each position on the scale.
John Bortle created a predictive model to calculate if a comet would survive perihelion or not, known as the Bortle survival limit. Accoording to it, if the comet is brighter than H10 = 7.0 + 6q, where H10 is the absolute magnitude of the comet and q the perihelion distance in astronomical units, it was likely to survive. [5]
The Harvard Photometry used an average of 100 stars close to Polaris to define magnitude 5.0. [12] Later, the Johnson UVB photometric system defined multiple types of photometric measurements with different filters, where magnitude 0.0 for each filter is defined to be the average of six stars with the same spectral type as Vega.
To achieve this, it must operate within what I term a biosociotechnological framework: a dynamic infrastructure that integrates biological, social, and technological systems into coherent alignment.
The particle horizon, also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon, or the cosmic light horizon, is the maximum distance from which light from particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at ...
If you’re stuck on today’s Wordle answer, we’re here to help—but beware of spoilers for Wordle 1298 ahead. Let's start with a few hints.
In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s. [1]In 1784, John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. [2]