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In computer science, the count-distinct problem [1] (also known in applied mathematics as the cardinality estimation problem) is the problem of finding the number of distinct elements in a data stream with repeated elements. This is a well-known problem with numerous applications.
The statistical treatment of count data is distinct from that of binary data, in which the observations can take only two values, usually represented by 0 and 1, and from ordinal data, which may also consist of integers but where the individual values fall on an arbitrary scale and only the relative ranking is important. [example needed]
(if condition 1 then expression 1 «elsif condition 2 then expression 2 »... else expression n) or (case expression is when value_list 1 => expression 1 when value_list 2 => expression 2 ... «when others => expression n ») Seed7: if condition then statements «else statements» end if: if condition 1 then statements elsif condition 2 then ...
For data in which the maximum key size is significantly smaller than the number of data items, counting sort may be parallelized by splitting the input into subarrays of approximately equal size, processing each subarray in parallel to generate a separate count array for each subarray, and then merging the count arrays.
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9, [55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching end-of-life.
The count–min sketch was invented in 2003 by Graham Cormode and S. Muthu Muthukrishnan [1] and described by them in a 2005 paper. [ 2 ] Count–min sketch is an alternative to count sketch and AMS sketch and can be considered an implementation of a counting Bloom filter (Fan et al., 1998 [ 3 ] ) or multistage-filter . [ 1 ]
String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string (some do both).. Most programming languages that have a string datatype will have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly.
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets) Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)