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  2. Optics (Ptolemy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics_(Ptolemy)

    The work is known to have been received by Arabic scholars working on optics in the 10th and 11th century, specifically Ibn Sahl (c. 984) and Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), author of the influential Book of Optics (c. 1020). There are only three known references to the existence of the Greek text of the work, dated to the 4th, 6th and 11th centuries.

  3. History of optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optics

    The early writers discussed here treated vision more as a geometrical than as a physical, physiological, or psychological problem. The first known author of a treatise on geometrical optics was the geometer Euclid (c. 325 BC–265 BC). Euclid began his study of optics as he began his study of geometry, with a set of self-evident axioms.

  4. Dioptrique - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptrique

    La dioptrique (in English Dioptrique, Optics, or Dioptrics) is a short treatise by René Descartes. It was published in 1637 included in one of the Essays written with Discourse on the Method . In this essay Descartes uses various models to understand the properties of light.

  5. Ibn al-Haytham - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham

    Alhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on optics Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), written from 1011 to 1021. [48] In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes, [ 14 ] and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations ...

  6. Consumer Reports - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports

    Consumer Reports (CR), formerly Consumers Union (CU), is an American nonprofit consumer organization dedicated to independent product testing, investigative journalism, consumer-oriented research, public education, and consumer advocacy.

  7. The Philosophical Review - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review

    The Philosophical Review is a quarterly journal of philosophy edited by the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University. Since September 2006, it is published by Duke University Press .

  8. Optical Review - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Review

    Optical Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1994 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media in partnership with the Optical Society of Japan. The editor-in-chief is Masahiro Yamaguchi. The journal publishes research and review papers in all subdisciplines of optical science and optical ...

  9. Experimentalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentalism

    The latter involves the passive view of sense data and observational reports while the former focuses on conditions where hypotheses are tested. [5] Experimentalists maintain that political and moral concepts arise because of conflict, hence consider experience and history as essential. [ 4 ]