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For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed ...
Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the bulky air ducts required. [32] (Minisplit ...
A typical commercial air curtain enclosure. In North America, the more commonly-used term for an air door is "air curtain". The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines an air door as follows: "In its simplest application, an air curtain is a continuous broad stream of air circulated across a doorway of a conditioned space.
The quality of air it introduces in buildings may be polluted for example due to proximity to an urban or industrial area (although this can also be a factor in wind-driven ventilation) Natural ventilation in buildings can rely mostly on wind pressure differences in windy conditions, but buoyancy effects can a) augment this type of ventilation ...
After the Second World War worldwide only one big airship shed had been built: The one in Brand south of Berlin for the construction of the Cargolifter AG airship. With a length of 360 metres (1,180 ft), a width of 210 metres (690 ft) and a height of 107 metres (351 ft), it is one of the largest structures in the world without interior support ...
The courtyard air will become stably stratified, the hot air floating on top of the cold air with little mixing. [14]: Ch. 6 The fact that the openings are at the top will trap the cool air below, though it cannot cause the temperature to drop below the nightly minimum temperature.
Hopkins and Riley followed up that book with Inventions from the Shed (1999) [17] and a 5-part film documentary series with the same name. [18] Gordon Thorburn also examined the shed proclivity in his book Men and Sheds (2002), [19] as did Gareth Jones in Shed Men (2004). [20] Recently, "Men's Sheds" have become common in Australia. [21]
Cavity walls were first used in Greco-Roman buildings, but fell out of use until the 19th century, when they were reintroduced in the United Kingdom, [3] gaining widespread use in the 1920s. [4] In the 20th century metal ties came into use to bind the layers together. Initially cavity widths were narrow and were primarily implemented to reduce ...