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Since the cycle's working fluid, water, changes from liquid to vapor and back during the cycle, their efficiencies depend on the thermodynamic properties of water. The thermal efficiency of modern steam turbine plants with reheat cycles can reach 47%, and in combined cycle plants, in which a steam turbine is powered by exhaust heat from a gas ...
A realistic indication of energy efficiency over an entire year can be achieved by using seasonal COP or seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) for heat. Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) is mostly used for air conditioning. SCOP is a new methodology which gives a better indication of expected real-life performance of heat pump ...
Here, is the molecular weight of water (vapor), is the average molecular weight of air, is the partial pressure of air (not including the partial pressure of water vapor in an air mixture) and can be approximated by knowing the partial pressure of water vapor at the inlet, before dehumidification occurs, ,. From here, all of the previously ...
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization of the working fluid. Unless the pressure and temperature reach supercritical levels in the boiler, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is quite small. As of 2022, most supercritical power plants adopt a steam inlet pressure of 24.1 MPa and inlet ...
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI unit Dimension Temperature gradient: No standard symbol K⋅m −1: ΘL −1: Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer
A related quantity, the logarithmic mean pressure difference or LMPD, is often used in mass transfer for stagnant solvents with dilute solutes to simplify the bulk flow problem. References [ edit ]
The Mollier enthalpy–entropy diagram for water and steam. The "dryness fraction", x , gives the fraction by mass of gaseous water in the wet region, the remainder being droplets of liquid. An enthalpy–entropy chart , also known as the H – S chart or Mollier diagram , plots the total heat against entropy, [ 1 ] describing the enthalpy of a ...
For example, an ideal fuel cell operating at a temperature of 25 °C having gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen as inputs and liquid water as the output could produce a theoretical maximum amount of electrical energy of 237.129 kJ (0.06587 kWh) per gram mol (18.0154 gram) of water produced and would require 48.701 kJ (0.01353 kWh) per gram mol ...
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