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The structure of this trial is significant because, in those days, the only time placebos were ever used "was to express the efficacy or non-efficacy of a drug in terms of "how much better" the drug was than the "placebo". [18]: 88 (Note that the trial conducted by Austin Flint is an example of such a drug efficacy vs. placebo efficacy trial.)
In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, any change in the control group is known as the placebo response, and the difference between this and the result of no treatment is the placebo effect. [4] Placebos in clinical trials should ideally be indistinguishable from so-called verum treatments under investigation, except for the latter's ...
A clinical control group can be a placebo arm or it can involve an old method used to address a clinical outcome when testing a new idea. For example in a study released by the British Medical Journal, in 1995 studying the effects of strict blood pressure control versus more relaxed blood pressure control in diabetic patients, the clinical control group was the diabetic patients that did not ...
In scientific research and psychotherapy, the subject-expectancy effect, is a form of reactivity that occurs when a research subject expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.
For example, precisely the same inert agents can produce analgesia and hyperalgesia, the first of which, on this definition, would be a placebo, and the second a nocebo. [31] A second problem is that the same effect, such as immunosuppression, may be desirable for a subject with an autoimmune disorder, but undesirable for most other subjects.
Émile Coué identified two very different types of self-suggestion: . intentional, "reflective autosuggestion": made by deliberate and conscious effort, andunintentional, "spontaneous auto-suggestion": which is a "natural phenomenon of our mental life … which takes place without conscious effort [and has its effect] with an intensity proportional to the keenness of [our] attention".
An example might be a drug with many adverse effects given first, making patients taking a second, less harmful medicine, more sensitive to any adverse effect. Second is the issue of "carry-over" between treatments, which confounds the estimates of the treatment effects. In practice, "carry-over" effects can be avoided with a sufficiently long ...
Mozart effect (education psychology) (popular psychology) (psychological theories) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) Mpemba effect (phase changes) (physical paradoxes) (thermodynamics) Mullins effect (rubber properties) Multiple-effect humidification (drinking water) (water supply) (water treatment) Munroe effect (explosive weapons) (explosives)