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The Smith predictor (invented by O. J. M. Smith in 1957) is a type of predictive controller designed to control systems with a significant feedback time delay. The idea can be illustrated as follows. Suppose the plant consists of () followed by a pure time delay .
The dead time θ is the amount of time between when the step change occurred and when the output first changed. The time constant (τ p) is the amount of time it takes for the output to reach 63.2% of the new steady-state value after the step change. One downside to using this method is that it can take a while to reach a new steady-state value ...
It is perhaps the easiest to understand TDI devices by contrast with more well-known types of CCD sensors. The best known is the staring array one. In it, there are hundreds or thousands of adjacent rows of specially engineered semiconductor that react to light by accumulating charge, and slightly separated in depth from it by insulation, a tightly spaced array of gate electrodes, whose ...
The arrival time of a signal is the time elapsed for a signal to arrive at a certain point. The reference, or time 0.0, is often taken as the arrival time of a clock signal. To calculate the arrival time, delay calculation of all the components in the path will be required. Arrival times, and indeed almost all times in timing analysis, are ...
With traditional fixed valve timing, an engine will have a period of "valve overlap" at the end of the exhaust stroke, when both the intake and exhaust valves are open. The intake valve is opened before the exhaust gases have completely left the cylinder, and their considerable velocity assists in drawing in the fresh charge. Engine designers ...
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These valves have been unpopular with some drivers and are sometimes removed in favour of a conventional clutch action. [2] The BMW valve takes the form of a separate pipe fitting and is easily removed. Honda has also used clutch delay valves on some Civic models, which are integral to the clutch slave cylinder and must be dismantled in situ. [3]
There are many systems for VVT, which involve changing either the relative timing, duration or opening of the engine's inlet and exhaust valves. One of the first practical VVT systems used a variator to change the phase [note 1] of the camshaft and valves. This simple system cannot change the duration of the valve opening, or their lift.