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Magma mixing is a common process in volcanic magma chambers, which are open-system chambers where magmas enter the chamber, [10] undergo some form of assimilation, fractional crystallisation and partial melt extraction (via eruption of lava), and are replenished. Magma mixing also tends to occur at deeper levels in the crust and is considered ...
Mixing of liquids occurs frequently in process engineering. The nature of liquids to blend determines the equipment used. Single-phase blending tends to involve low-shear, high-flow mixers to cause liquid engulfment, while multi-phase mixing generally requires the use of high-shear, low-flow mixers to create droplets of one liquid in laminar, turbulent or transitional flow regimes, depending ...
Typical mixing pattern for many lakes, caused by the fact that water is less dense at the freezing point than at 4 Celsius. Lake stratification is stable in summer and winter, becoming unstable in spring and fall when the surface waters cross the 4 Celsius mark. Stable stratifications can become unstable if layers change density.
The readily available supply of energy in turbulent flows tends to accelerate the homogenization (mixing) of fluid mixtures. The characteristic which is responsible for the enhanced mixing and increased rates of mass, momentum and energy transports in a flow is called "diffusivity". [16]
Some trajectories span a large region: this is the chaotic or mixing region, where good mixing occurs. However, there are also two "holes": in these regions, the trajectories are closed. These are called elliptic islands, as the trajectories inside are elliptic-like curves. These regions are not mixed with the remainder of the fluid.
A second approach considers the mixing of aggregates, such as rocks and sand, which are lumpy on the small scale; this is commonly seen in mixing in process engineering. A third approach uses the mathematical formalisms of measure theory and measure-preserving dynamical systems , to define mixing abstractly for generic dynamical systems in ...
The dashed trajectories are the result of lava pieces with a bright hot side and a cool dark side rotating in mid-air. Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology ) is the study of volcanoes , lava , magma and related geological , geophysical and geochemical phenomena ( volcanism ).
Silicic magmas typically form blocky lava flows [14] or steep-sided mounds, called lava domes, because their high viscosity [15] does not allow it to flow like that of basaltic magmas. When felsic domes form, they are emplaced within and on top of the conduit. [ 16 ]