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A tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) monitors the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on vehicles. [1] A TPMS reports real-time tire-pressure information to the driver, using either a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. TPMS can be divided into two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS).
Direct TPMS, or direct tire pressure monitoring systems (direct sensor TPMS) refers to the use of a pressure sensor directly mounted on the wheels or tires of a vehicle. [1] The pressure inside the tire is measured using a pressure transducer with the pressure information being subsequently sent to the vehicle to warn the driver of under or ...
First marketed in March 2005, the car quickly became BMW Group's best-selling car worldwide, and by the end of the year 229,900 vehicles had been delivered. [76] The BMW E90 series was the best-selling luxury car in Canada and the United States. The 2006 E90 marked the 15th consecutive year that the 3 Series was named on Car and Driver's 10Best.
With the new 3.2 models, Alpinas were now based on the 328i and its 2.8L engine, rather than 325i models. [27] Alpina B3 3.2. In 1995, the B8 was released. The B8 4.6 was based on the 4 litre V8 from the E34 5-series, put into a 328i-based shell. BMW V8s had coated bores which meant new blocks had to be cast by BMW specifically for Alpina V8s.
The BMW N54 is a twin-turbocharged straight-six petrol engine that was produced from 2006 to 2016. [1] ... 2011-2016 Alpina: 265 kW (355 bhp) at 5,500-6,000 rpm:
It was first used in the F56 Mini Hatch and has been used in BMW applications since 2015. The B48 is part of a modular BMW engine family of 3-cylinder ( B38 / B37 ), 4-cylinder (B48/ B47 ) and 6-cylinder ( B58 / B57 ) engines, [ 1 ] which use a displacement of 500 cc (30.5 cu in) per cylinder.
Bosch: "Driver drowsiness detection" [11] takes input from the steering angle sensor, front-mounted lane assist camera, vehicle speed and turn signal stalk. Citroën: AFIL/LDWS uses different technologies to monitor the vehicle position on the road. Some models use sensors mounted in front of the front wheels, monitoring the lane markings.