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  2. Energy carrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_carrier

    An energy carrier can be more valuable (have a higher quality) than a primary energy source. For example 1 megajoule (MJ) of electricity produced by a hydroelectric plant is equivalent to 3 MJ of oil. [4] Sunlight is a main source of primary energy, which can be transformed into plants and then into coal, oil and gas.

  3. Energy materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_materials

    Energy materials are used for energy harvesting, storage, and conversion. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Applications of energy materials include photovoltaics , as well as piezoelectronics . The study of energy materials is usually interdisciplinary , uniting materials scientists , chemists , physicists , biologists , and engineers .

  4. Heat transfer physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_physics

    The macroscopic energy equation for infinitesimal volume used in heat transfer analysis is [6] = +, ˙, where q is heat flux vector, −ρc p (∂T/∂t) is temporal change of internal energy (ρ is density, c p is specific heat capacity at constant pressure, T is temperature and t is time), and ˙ is the energy conversion to and from thermal ...

  5. Primary energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energy

    The International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) prefers total energy supply (TES) to refer to this indicator. [4] These expressions are often used to describe the total energy supply of a national territory. Secondary energy is a carrier of energy, such as electricity. These are produced by conversion from a primary energy source.

  6. Quantum well - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well

    Since the bandgap of the contained material is lower than the surrounding AlGaAs, a quantum well (Potential well) is created in the GaAs region. This change in band energy across the structure can be seen as the change in the potential that a carrier would feel, therefore low energy carriers can be trapped in these wells. [6]

  7. Organic semiconductor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_semiconductor

    This disorder effect on charge carrier motion is diminished in organic field-effect transistors because current flow is confined in a thin layer. Therefore, the tail states of the DOS distribution are already filled so that the activation energy for charge carrier hopping is diminished. For this reason the charge carrier mobility inferred from ...

  8. Graphene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene

    Charge carriers in graphene show linear, rather than quadratic, dependence of energy on momentum, and field-effect transistors with graphene can be made that show bipolar conduction. Charge transport is ballistic over long distances; the material exhibits large quantum oscillations and large nonlinear diamagnetism. [59]

  9. Liquid organic hydrogen carrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Liquid_organic_hydrogen_carrier

    An alternative, innovative and highly promising approach to convert LOHC-bound hydrogen into electricity is proposed recently. [1] The new unloading sequence consists of an almost thermoneutral catalysed transfer hydrogenation step converting ketone to secondary alcohol by contacting hydrogen-rich carrier (H18-DBT), and the secondary alcohol is then directly consumed in a PEMFC (direct ...