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The concept of inequality is distinct from that of poverty [5] and fairness. Income inequality metrics (or income distribution metrics) are used by social scientists to measure the distribution of income, and economic inequality among the participants in a particular economy, such as that of a specific country or of the world in general.
Income distribution has always been a central concern of economic theory and economic policy. Classical economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.
The Kuznets ratio is a measurement of the ratio of income going to the highest-earning households (usually defined by the upper 20%) to income going to the lowest-earning households, [4] which is commonly measured by either the lowest 20% or lowest 40% of income. Comparing 20% to 20%, a completely even distribution is expressed as 1; 20% to 40% ...
The following median household income data are retrieved from American Community Survey 2021 1-year estimates. In this survey, the nationwide population was 331,893,745 in 2021. [2] The median household income in 2021 across the general population (all races and ethnicities included) was $69,717. [2]
[27]: 2 CBO found income distribution over a multi-year period "modestly" more equal than annual income, [27]: 4 confirming earlier studies. [263] According to Noah, adjusting for demographic factors such as increasing age and smaller households, indicates that income inequality is less extreme but growing faster than without the adjustment.
Derivation of the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient for global income in 2011. Data from 2005. Points on the Lorenz curve represent statements such as, "the bottom 20% of all households have 10% of the total income." A perfectly equal income distribution would be one in which every person has the same income.
In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital). [1] In general theory and in for example the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts , each unit of output corresponds to a unit of income.
The Atkinson index is defined as: (, …,) = {(=) / (=) / = (,...,) = +where is individual income (i = 1, 2, ..., N) and is the mean income.. In other words, the Atkinson index is the complement to 1 of the ratio of the Hölder generalized mean of exponent 1−ε to the arithmetic mean of the incomes (where as usual the generalized mean of exponent 0 is interpreted as the geometric mean).