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Because exchange of W bosons involves a transfer of electric charge (as well as a transfer of weak isospin, while weak hypercharge is not transferred), it is known as "charged current". By contrast, exchanges of Z bosons involve no transfer of electrical charge, so it is referred to as a "neutral current". In the latter case, the word "current ...
where g s = 2, due to spin degeneracy, e is the electron charge, h is the Planck constant, and are the Fermi levels of A and B, M(E) is the number of propagating modes in the channel, f′(E) is the deviation from the equilibrium electron distribution (perturbation), and T(E) is the transmission probability (T = 1 for ballistic).
This equation is characteristic of incoherent hopping transport, which takes place at low concentrations, where the limiting factor is the exponential decay of hopping probability with inter-site distance. [4] Sometimes this relation is expressed for conductivity, rather than mobility:
A right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a heart block in the right bundle branch of the electrical conduction system. [1] During a right bundle branch block, the right ventricle is not directly activated by impulses traveling through the right bundle branch. However, the left bundle branch still normally activates the left ventricle.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
This is known as the charge transfer rate. The second is the rate at which reactants are provided, and products removed, from the electrode region by various processes including diffusion, migration, and convection. The latter is known as the mass-transfer rate [Note 1]. These two rates determine the concentrations of the reactants and products ...
The pattern of weak isospin T 3, weak hypercharge Y W, and color charge of all known elementary particles, rotated by the weak mixing angle to show electric charge Q, roughly along the vertical. The neutral Higgs field (gray square) breaks the electroweak symmetry and interacts with other particles to give them mass.
Exchange of a Z boson transfers momentum, spin, and energy, but leaves the interacting particles' quantum numbers unaffected – charge, flavor, baryon number, lepton number, etc. Because there is no transfer of electrical charge involved, exchange of Z particles is referred to as "neutral" in the phrase "neutral current".