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Most recombination occurs naturally and can be classified into two types: (1) interchromosomal recombination, occurring through independent assortment of alleles whose loci are on different but homologous chromosomes (random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I); & (2) intrachromosomal recombination, occurring through ...
The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci is the crossing-over value. For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure ( chromosome ) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing-over value which is used in the production of genetic maps .
It is one way to stochastically generate new solutions from an existing population, and is analogous to the crossover that happens during sexual reproduction in biology. New solutions can also be generated by cloning an existing solution, which is analogous to asexual reproduction .
The physical basis of the independent assortment of chromosomes is the random orientation of each bivalent chromosome along the metaphase plate with respect to the other bivalent chromosomes. Along with crossing over, independent assortment increases genetic diversity by producing novel genetic combinations.
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.Two genetic markers that are physically near to each other are unlikely to be separated onto different chromatids during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be more linked than markers that are far apart.
Genetic mutations – contribute to the genetic variability within a population and can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on a fitness. [7] This variability can be easily propagated throughout a population by natural selection if the mutation increases the affected individual's fitness and its effects will be minimized/hidden if the ...
For example, one analysis suggests that larger populations have more selective sweeps, which remove more neutral genetic diversity. [68] A negative correlation between mutation rate and population size may also contribute. [69] Life history affects genetic diversity more than population history does, e.g. r-strategists have more genetic ...
The introduction of DSBs in DNA often employs the topoisomerase-like protein SPO11. [3] CO recombination may also be initiated by external sources of DNA damage such as X-irradiation, [4] or internal sources. [5] [6] There is evidence that CO recombination facilitates meiotic chromosome segregation. [2]