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  2. Causal notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_notation

    Ecosystem example: correlation without causation [ edit ] Imagine the number of days of weather below one degrees Celsius, y {\displaystyle y} , causes ice to form on a lake, f ( y ) {\displaystyle f(y)} , and it causes bears to go into hibernation g ( y ) {\displaystyle g(y)} .

  3. Causal analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis

    Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...

  4. Path analysis (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_analysis_(statistics)

    In statistics, path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables. This includes models equivalent to any form of multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, canonical correlation analysis, discriminant analysis, as well as more general families of models in the multivariate analysis of variance and covariance analyses (MANOVA, ANOVA, ANCOVA).

  5. Correlation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation

    The correlation coefficient is +1 in the case of a perfect direct (increasing) linear relationship (correlation), −1 in the case of a perfect inverse (decreasing) linear relationship (anti-correlation), [5] and some value in the open interval (,) in all other cases, indicating the degree of linear dependence between the variables. As it ...

  6. Pearson correlation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation...

    Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.

  7. Path coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_coefficient

    Shipley, B. (2000) Cause and Correlation in Biology: A User's Guide to Path Analysis, Structural Equations and Causal Inference Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52921-2 Wright, S. (1921) "Correlation and causation", Journal of Agricultural Research , 20, 557–585.

  8. Rubin causal model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_causal_model

    Rubin defines a causal effect: Intuitively, the causal effect of one treatment, E, over another, C, for a particular unit and an interval of time from to is the difference between what would have happened at time if the unit had been exposed to E initiated at and what would have happened at if the unit had been exposed to C initiated at : 'If an hour ago I had taken two aspirins instead of ...

  9. Correlation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_coefficient

    A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of linear correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables. [ a ] The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations, often called a sample , or two components of a multivariate random variable with a known distribution .