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Shop drawings are required, in various forms, depending upon the practice of the architect and engineer. A specific number of copies may be required by the specification. An example distribution of the completed and corrected shop drawings may include the: Owner—file or inspection copy; Architect—file copy
Hollow-core slabs, also known as voided slabs, initially appeared as one-way elements in Europe during the 1950s, and are still commonly manufactured in precast form for applications where fast construction and low self-weight are required. [2] [6] Waffle slabs are a common type of hollow-core slab which use the same principle as voided biaxial ...
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels, floors, roofs, and piles.
By the 1960s, prestressed concrete largely superseded reinforced concrete bridges in the UK, with box girders being the dominant form. [41] In short-span bridges of around 10 to 40 metres (30 to 130 ft), prestressing is commonly employed in the form of precast pre-tensioned girders or planks. [42]
A State Farm Insurance sign on a destroyed building during the Eaton Fire in Altadena, California, US, on Wednesday, Jan. 8, 2025. (Michael Nigro—Bloomberg)
Culvert with secure headwall in Bromsgrove, England Stone culvert in Haapsalu, Estonia Steel culvert with a plunge pool below A multiple culvert assembly in Italy Precast concrete box culvert Large box culvert on Rio Monterroso. A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway.
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Single box girder bridge , flyover above eastern approach of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. A box girder bridge, or box section bridge, is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete.