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Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century. Multiple lines of evidence exist for the reduction of wild pollinator populations at the regional level, especially within Europe and North America.
Middle: photokinesis involving changes in speed induced by changing light intensity. In patchy light environments, positive photokinesis results in accumulation in low light areas (and vice versa for negative photokinesis). Bottom: true phototaxis results in movement towards or away from a light source, but is not a response to a light gradient.
Schematic representation of a Euglena cell with red eyespot (9) Schematic representation of a Chlamydomonas cell with chloroplast eyespot (4). The eyespot apparatus (or stigma) is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids.
For example, movement toward light, termed phototaxis, is accomplished by coupling their locomotion strategy with a light-sensing organ. [58] Eukaryotes evolved for the first time in the history of life the ability to follow light direction in three dimensions in open water.
Pollination by a specialist can result in high flowering synchrony, as asynchronous flowering can result in erratic attraction of a specialist to a site. [19] Showy floral displays tend to attract pollinators, [20] [21] and synchronous flowering can attract more pollinators to a population. High pollinator visitation to populations with high ...
Without it plants cannot reproduce. Some plants, like dandelions, let their pollen drift in the wind, but others need help. That's where the pollinators come in.
Plants detect neighbors by means other than well-established communicative signals including volatile chemicals, light detection, direct contact and root signaling. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Because sound waves travel efficiently through soil and can be produced with minimal energy expenditure, plants may use sound as a means for interpreting their ...
The pollinator attraction hypothesis holds that the warmth associated with full insolation of the flower is a direct reward for pollinators. [ 6 ] The growth promotion hypothesis assumes that effective absorption of solar energy and the consequent rise in temperature has a favourable effect on pollen germination , growth of the pollen tube and ...