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  2. Conjugate variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables

    Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals, [1] [2] or more generally are related through Pontryagin duality. The duality relations lead naturally to an uncertainty relation—in physics called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle —between them.

  3. List of common physics notations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_physics...

    This is a list of common physical constants and variables, and their notations. Note that bold text indicates that the quantity is a vector . Latin characters

  4. Uncertainty principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

    where = is the reduced Planck constant.. The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time.

  5. Canonical commutation relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_commutation_relation

    According to the correspondence principle, in certain limits the quantum equations of states must approach Hamilton's equations of motion.The latter state the following relation between the generalized coordinate q (e.g. position) and the generalized momentum p: {˙ = = {,}; ˙ = = {,}.

  6. Thermodynamic square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_square

    The placement and relation among the variables serves as a key to recall the relations they constitute. A mnemonic used by students to remember the Maxwell relations (in thermodynamics ) is " G ood P hysicists H ave S tudied U nder V ery F ine T eachers", which helps them remember the order of the variables in the square, in clockwise direction.

  7. Maxwell relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_relations

    It follows directly from the fact that the order of differentiation of an analytic function of two variables is irrelevant (Schwarz theorem). In the case of Maxwell relations the function considered is a thermodynamic potential and x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} and x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} are two different natural variables for that potential, we ...

  8. Thermodynamic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations

    After each potential is shown its "natural variables". These variables are important because if the thermodynamic potential is expressed in terms of its natural variables, then it will contain all of the thermodynamic relationships necessary to derive any other relationship. In other words, it too will be a fundamental equation.

  9. Mandelstam variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelstam_variables

    In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicist Stanley Mandelstam in 1958.