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[citation needed] Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. [1] [non-primary source needed] Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene.
Carrier and channel ionophores (a) Carrier ionophores reversibly bind ions and carry them through cell membranes. (b) Channel ionophores create channels within cell membranes to facilitate the transport of ions. In chemistry, an ionophore (from Greek ion and -phore 'ion carrier') is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. [1]
In chemistry, chain propagation (sometimes just referred to as propagation) is a process in which a reactive intermediate is continuously regenerated during the course of a chemical chain reaction. For example, in the chlorination of methane, there is a two-step propagation cycle involving as chain carriers a chlorine atom and a methyl radical ...
The term "captodative ethylenes" has been used in the context of cycloaddition reactions involving captodative radical intermediates – for example, the thermal [2+2] head-to-head dimerization of 2-methylthioacrylonitrile occurs readily at room temperature; formation of the equivalent cyclobutane derivative of acrylonitrile is "sluggish". [8]
Biological substances can experience leaching themselves, [2] as well as be used for leaching as part of the solvent substance to recover heavy metals. [6] Many plants experience leaching of phenolics, carbohydrates, and amino acids, and can experience as much as 30% mass loss from leaching, [5] just from sources of water such as rain, dew, mist, and fog. [2]
The most common form of surrogacy is called "gestational surrogacy," in which the surrogate is formally referred to as a "gestational carrier." In this scenario, which was first introduced in the ...
Examples include the hydroxyl (−OH), amino (−NH 2), aldehyde (−CHO), and methyl mercaptan groups (−SCH 3). [ 2 ] An auxochrome is a functional group of atoms with one or more lone pairs of electrons when attached to a chromophore, alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption .
In gestational surrogacy, an egg from a donor or intended mother is used. In the US, the number of gestational carriers increased from just over 700 in 1999 to more than 3,400 in 2023. Between ...