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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
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The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE [1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.
The Ma'il Quran is an 8th-century Quran (between 700 and 799 CE) originating from the Arabian peninsula. It contains two-thirds of the Qur'ān text and is one of the oldest Qur'āns in the world. It was purchased by the British Museum in 1879 from the Reverend Greville John Chester and is now kept in the British Library. [50]
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The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary is an English translation of the Qur'an by the British Indian Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1872–1953) during the British Raj.It has become among the most widely known English translations of the Qur'an, due in part to its prodigious use of footnotes, and its distribution and subsidization by Saudi Arabian beneficiaries during the late 20th century.
The Qur'an Seminar Commentary / Le Qur'an Seminar, De Gruyter 2016. Bell, Richard. A Commentary on the Quran, Vols 1–2, 1991. Nasr, Seyyed et al. The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary, HarperCollins 2015. Neuwirth, Angelika. The Qur'an: Text and Commentary. Volume 1, Early Meccan Surahs: Poetic Prophecy, Oxford University Press 2022.
The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation (completed 1936, published 1955) is a parallel text edition of the Quran compiled and translated by Maulvi Sher Ali, and footnotes to, some of the verses, by Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Since its first publication in 1955 in the Netherlands, many editions ...