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Clathrin has another function aside from the coating of organelles. In non-dividing cells, the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously. Formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is shut down in cells undergoing mitosis. During mitosis, clathrin binds to the spindle apparatus, in complex with two other proteins: TACC3 and ch-TOG/CKAP5.
Therefore, adaptor proteins are responsible for the recruitment of cargo molecules into a growing clathrin-coated pits. [2] The two major types of clathrin adaptor complexes are the heterotetrameric vesicular transport adaptor proteins (AP1-5), and the monomeric GGA (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear homology, ARF-binding proteins) adaptors.
The ligand and receptor will then recruit adaptor proteins and clathrin triskelions to the plasma membrane around where invagination will take place. Invagination of the plasma membrane then occurs, forming a clathrin-coated pit. [1] Other receptors can nucleate a clathrin-coated pit allowing formation around the receptor.
In cultured cells, the assembly of a CCV takes ~ 1min, and several hundred to a thousand or more can form every minute. [26] The main scaffold component of clathrin coat is the 190-kD protein called clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which is associated with a 25- kD protein called clathrin light chain (CLC), forming three-legged trimers called ...
CDC42-regulated dynamin independent pathways are the main route of non-clathrin, non-caveolar uptake of fluid-phase internalization. Most CDC42-regulated endocytic pathways have large and wide surface invaginations and sometimes involves the recruitment of actin-polymerization machinery that further aid in the pinching off of the vesicle wall. [2]
Coat proteins can also function to bind to various transmembrane receptor proteins, called cargo receptors. These receptors help select what material is endocytosed in receptor-mediated endocytosis or intracellular transport. There are three types of vesicle coats: clathrin, COPI and COPII. The various types of coat proteins help with sorting ...
Clathrin heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLTC gene. [5] [6] Clathrin is a major protein component of the cytoplasmic face of intracellular organelles, called coated vesicles and coated pits. These specialized organelles are involved in the intracellular trafficking of receptors and endocytosis of a variety of ...
Adaptor Protein, COPI and TSET complexes. More trafficking pathways. Note, the colors are not the same as in the lead figure A rendering of a COPII tube. The early evolution of adaptor protein complexes The evolution of TSET, COPI and APs from the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor Production of a clathrin coated vesicle Electron microscope image of a coated vesicle.