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The Metacognitions questionnaire 30 (MCQ-30; Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004) is a 30-item version of the MCQ consisting of the same five-factor structure, but the subcategories were renamed: 1) positive beliefs about worry; 2) negative beliefs about the controllability of thoughts and corresponding danger; 3) cognitive confidence; 4) negative ...
The societal systems like ours unconsciously participate in perpetuating false beliefs and narratives with a desire to fit in. [13] Although social psychologists, such as Allport and Katz, initiated the development of pluralistic ignorance, work pertaining to this phenomenon has since been heavily conducted by sociologists and public opinion ...
Social Judgement Theory is the way opinions and thoughts are formed on specific issues or beliefs. It is used to explain the reasoning behind why and how people have different reactions and responses towards information or any specific issue.
[2] Following the initial theory, research began to focus on social comparison as a way of self-enhancement, [3] introducing the concepts of downward [4] and upward comparisons and expanding the motivations of social comparisons. [5] Social comparison can be traced back to the pivotal paper by Herbert Hyman, back in 1942.
Rokeach's RVS is based on a 1968 volume (Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values) which presented the philosophical basis for the association of fundamental values with beliefs and attitudes. [5] His value system was instrumentalised into the Rokeach Value Survey in his 1973 book The Nature of Human Values .
Most scales have been normalized and can therefore be used cross-culturally for vocational, marketing, and counseling purposes, yielding unbiased results. [2] Psychologists , political scientists , economists , and others interested in defining values, use values scales to determine what people value, and to evaluate the ultimate function or ...
The term attitude with the psychological meaning of an internal state of preparedness for action was not used until the 19th century. [3]: 2 The American Psychological Association (APA) defines attitude as "a relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive.
[2] [3] [4] This is often seen as a cognitive bias, i.e. as a systematic tendency to engage in erroneous forms of thinking and judging. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In the case of the Dunning–Kruger effect, this applies mainly to people with low skill in a specific area trying to evaluate their competence within this area.